{"id":2333,"date":"2024-10-29T14:16:56","date_gmt":"2024-10-29T11:16:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.felsefidusun.com\/?page_id=2333"},"modified":"2024-10-29T15:50:11","modified_gmt":"2024-10-29T12:50:11","slug":"fd-23_tocqueville","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.felsefidusun.com\/?page_id=2333","title":{"rendered":"fd 23_Tocqueville"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:var(--awb-color3);border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_4 1_4 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div ><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img width=\"254\" height=\"300\" title=\"Say\u0131:23 Tocqueville \/Ekim\u201924\" src=\"http:\/\/www.felsefidusun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/3D-Book-Tocqueville2-254x300.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-2330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.felsefidusun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/3D-Book-Tocqueville2-200x236.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.felsefidusun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/3D-Book-Tocqueville2-400x472.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.felsefidusun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/3D-Book-Tocqueville2-600x708.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.felsefidusun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/3D-Book-Tocqueville2-800x944.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.felsefidusun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/3D-Book-Tocqueville2-1200x1416.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.felsefidusun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/3D-Book-Tocqueville2.jpg 2040w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p><strong style=\"font-size: 14px;\" data-fusion-font=\"true\">Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn Say\u0131: 23 &#8211; Tocqueville \/ Ekim 2024<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"font-size: 14px;\" data-fusion-font=\"true\">Say\u0131 Edit\u00f6r\u00fc: M. Ertan KARDE\u015e (\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div ><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kitapyurdu.com\/dergi\/felsefi-dusun-sayi23-tocqueville\/696745.html&amp;publisher_id=6202\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"shopiconred\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img width=\"40\" height=\"38\" src=\"http:\/\/www.felsefidusun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/shopiconred-e1657631675159.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1882\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-has-icon\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:7px;margin-bottom:7px;width:100%;max-width:%80;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"border-color:#000000;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><span class=\"icon-wrapper\" style=\"border-color:#000000;background-color:#000000;font-size:16px;width: 1.75em; height: 1.75em;border-width:1px;padding:1px;margin-top:-0.5px\"><i class=\"fa-align-justify fas\" style=\"font-size: inherit;color:var(--awb-color3);\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"border-color:#000000;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p><em><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\" data-fusion-font=\"true\">Makalelerin \u00f6zetleri ve anahtar kelimeleri i\u00e7in l\u00fctfen ilgili makalenin ismi \u00fczerine t\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:25% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 7.68%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 7.68%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:25% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 7.68%;margin-left : 7.68%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_3_4 3_4 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><h3 style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>MAKALELER<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">#accordion-2333-1 .fusion-panel:hover{ border-color: var(--awb-color3) } #accordion-2333-1 .fusion-panel { border-color:var(--awb-color3); }.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box{ color: #000000;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box:before{ font-size: 12px; width: 12px;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-title a{font-size:18px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--awb-color8);font-family:Garamond, serif;font-weight:400;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .toggle-content{font-size:16px;color:var(--awb-color8);font-family:Garamond, serif;font-weight:400;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-title a:not(.active):hover, #accordion-2333-1 .fusion-toggle-boxed-mode:hover .panel-title a { color: var(--awb-color5);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .fusion-toggle-boxed-mode:hover .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box{ color: var(--awb-color5);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1.fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed .fusion-panel .panel-title a:not(.active):hover .fa-fusion-box{ color: var(--awb-color5) !important;}<\/style><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed\" id=\"accordion-2333-1\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-b7d2bdd331035fbb6 .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-b7d2bdd331035fbb6 .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-b7d2bdd331035fbb6\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_b7d2bdd331035fbb6\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"b7d2bdd331035fbb6\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#b7d2bdd331035fbb6\" href=\"#b7d2bdd331035fbb6\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Tocqueville\u2019i Yeniden D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek \/ Cengiz \u00c7A\u011eLA<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"b7d2bdd331035fbb6\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_b7d2bdd331035fbb6\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en etkili siyasal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden biri olan Alexis de Tocqueville\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de okunmakta ve yazar\u0131n g\u00fcncelli\u011fi devam etmektedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, son y\u0131llarda siyaset felsefesi ve siyaset sosyolojisi alan\u0131nda Tocqueville\u2019in g\u00fcndeme getirdi\u011fi sorunsallar\u0131 de\u011ferlendiren ba\u015fl\u0131ca yazarlar k\u0131saca irdelenecektir. Raymond Boudon, Raymond Aron, Claude Lefort, Pierre Manent, Richard Sennett ve Jon Elster gibi yazarlar dikkat \u00e7ekici analizleriyle demokrasiyi bir sorunsal olarak ele alm\u0131\u015f olan Tocqueville\u2019i yeniden de\u011ferlendirme imkan\u0131 sunuyorlar. Bu ba\u011flamda Tocqueville\u2019e g\u00f6re demokrasi, potansiyel olarak ikili bir nitelik arz ediyor; bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fitlik rejimi olabilece\u011fi gibi, bir bask\u0131 rejimine de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febiliyor, hatta bu iki u\u00e7 e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak birlikte de var olabiliyor. Demokrasinin farkl\u0131 d\u00fczeylerde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n panzehiri ya da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, Tocqueville\u2019e g\u00f6re tek bir noktada d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlenmekte: her \u015feye ra\u011fmen hem birey hem de grup olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hayata ge\u00e7irmek. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla modern siyaset biliminde \u2018siyasal kat\u0131l\u0131m\u2019 kavram\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131nan y\u00f6netenleri ya da y\u00f6netenlerin kararlar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemeye y\u00f6nelik t\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7ler bu ba\u011flamda yeniden \u00f6nem kazan\u0131yor. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ise, yazar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn de\u011ferini g\u00fcncel yorumlar ba\u011flam\u0131nda yeniden tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7may\u0131 hedefliyor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle0\"><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong> <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Alexis de Tocqueville, demokrasi, bask\u0131 rejimi, e\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-ae5fd4c20602b0d97 .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-ae5fd4c20602b0d97 .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-ae5fd4c20602b0d97\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_ae5fd4c20602b0d97\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ae5fd4c20602b0d97\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#ae5fd4c20602b0d97\" href=\"#ae5fd4c20602b0d97\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Tocqueville\u2019de Derneklerin, Sivil \u0130nisiyatiflerin Demokrasi Alan\u0131nda Yeri \/ Mustafa POYRAZ-<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"ae5fd4c20602b0d97\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_ae5fd4c20602b0d97\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle2\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Toplum i\u00e7erisinde olu\u015fan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerle demokratik yap\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki modern toplumun en temel konular\u0131ndan birisidir. Bireyler aras\u0131ndaki sosyal ili\u015fkilerin kendini yeniden \u00fcretme sorunu ve dayan\u0131\u015fma dinamiklerinin gelece\u011fi de sosyal bilimleri me\u015fgul eden en \u00f6nemli konulardand\u0131r. Alexis de Tocqueville <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Amerika\u2019da Demokrasi <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">isimli kitab\u0131nda her iki sorunu da birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele almaktad\u0131r. Makalede, bir yandan toplum i\u00e7erisinde geli\u015fen \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme dinamiklerinin demokratik yap\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi \u00fczerine etkileri incelenirken, di\u011fer yandan da olu\u015fan bu birlikteliklerin (dernekle\u015fme), modernle\u015fmeyle birlikte g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybederek \u2018zay\u0131flayan\u2019 bireyler aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flar\u0131 kuvvetlendirmede oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerinin, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun veya \u00e7o\u011funluk ad\u0131na hareket etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenlerin tiranl\u0131\u011fa kayma e\u011filimlerini dengelemede veya geriletmede \u00fcstlendi\u011fi misyon da makalede ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki dernekle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri de dikkate al\u0131narak, Tocqueville\u2019in neredeyse iki y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmelerle bug\u00fcnk\u00fc olgular aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011f kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle2\">Anahtar Kelimeler: <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Dernek, sivil toplum, demokrasi, kat\u0131l\u0131m, tiranl\u0131k.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-550ce4bfa73ab1cff .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-550ce4bfa73ab1cff .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-550ce4bfa73ab1cff\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_550ce4bfa73ab1cff\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"550ce4bfa73ab1cff\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#550ce4bfa73ab1cff\" href=\"#550ce4bfa73ab1cff\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta T\u00fcm D\u00fcnya Amerika\u2019yd\u0131: Bas\u0131n \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Sans\u00fcr \u00dczerine Notlar \/ Kurtul G\u00dcLEN\u00c7<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"550ce4bfa73ab1cff\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_550ce4bfa73ab1cff\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Alexis de Tocqueville\u2019e g\u00f6re e\u015fitlik ilkesi Amerikan demokrasisinin temel karakteridir, bu y\u00fczden de ABD e\u015fitlik\u00e7i modern toplumu ve demokratik siyasal sistemi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan ilk \u00fclkedir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr e\u015fitli\u011fin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yaratabilece\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin korunabilmesi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere tehdit olu\u015fturabilecek \u2018keyfi y\u00f6netim\u2019in \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in, hukuk devleti, kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve devlet otoritesinin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gibi ilkelerin de hayata ge\u00e7irilmesinin gereklili\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur. Hem yurtta\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr karar alabilme ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrce eyleyebilme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kazanma deneyimine y\u00f6nelik ilgisi hem de iktidar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kurumlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kullan\u0131m\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 derin vurgunun Alexis de Tocqueville d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeki kesi\u015fim k\u00fcmesi sivil toplumdur. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr devlet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ilkelerini g\u00f6zetmesini yeterli bulmamakta, devlet-sivil toplum aras\u0131nda kapanmaz bir bo\u015fluk olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemsemekte, sivil toplumun \u00f6zerkli\u011finin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini demokratik siyasetin olmazsa olmaz \u00f6\u011fesi olarak de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Bu de\u011ferlendirmesinde \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan iki vazge\u00e7ilmez husus vard\u0131r: \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada Tocqueville\u2019in Avrupa ile Amerika\u2019y\u0131 bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ba\u011flam\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmesinden \u00e7\u0131karsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar belirlenecek, ard\u0131ndan bu de\u011ferlendirme Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n iki farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemde geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi gazetecilik deneyimi ba\u011flam\u0131nda yorumlanacakt\u0131r. Bu yorumlama \u00e7abas\u0131nda bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle sans\u00fcr aras\u0131ndaki gerilim ele\u015ftirel-analitik bir d\u00fczlemde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenecektir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Anahtar Kelimeler: <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle1\">E\u015fitlik, bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, sans\u00fcr, gazetecilik, siyasal ya\u015fam, sivil toplum, demokrasi.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-a41b488876d330c6f .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-a41b488876d330c6f .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-a41b488876d330c6f\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_a41b488876d330c6f\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"a41b488876d330c6f\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#a41b488876d330c6f\" href=\"#a41b488876d330c6f\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Ele\u015ftirel Bir Devrim Yorumu: Alexis de Tocqueville ve Frans\u0131z Devrimi \/ Ahmet Emre ATE\u015e<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"a41b488876d330c6f\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_a41b488876d330c6f\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Tarih\u00e7ili\u011fe siyaset felsefesi ve sosyolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bakabilen modern metinler aras\u0131nda ku\u015fkusuz Alexis de Tocqueville\u2019in <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Eski Rejim ve Devrim <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">adl\u0131 eseri \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. S\u00f6z konusu eser, Frans\u0131z Devrimi \u00fczerine geli\u015ftirilen tezler aras\u0131nda ele\u015ftirel bir duru\u015f sergiler. Devrim \u00fczerine Marksist veya muhafazak\u00e2r yorumlar birbirleriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131rlarken Tocqueville daha uzun soluklu ve daha serinkanl\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortaya koyar. Maalesef iddialar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rece liberal bir devrim yorumu olarak sosyal bilimler ve kamuoyu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan pop\u00fclerlik kazanmas\u0131 sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131la kalacakt\u0131r. Genel olarak, Tocqueville, devrim \u00f6ncesi ile devrim sonras\u0131 aras\u0131nda sert bir kopu\u015f yerine s\u00fcreklilikler oldu\u011funu iddia etmektedir. Bu makale boyunca, devrim ba\u011flam\u0131nda s\u00fcreklilik tezinin nedenleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Sonraki a\u015famada, Tocqueville\u2019in devrim ve \u00f6ncesini yorumlarken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 merkezile\u015fme ve idari yap\u0131 gibi temel kavramlar yerine arka planda kalan baz\u0131 istisnai kavramlar \u00fczerinden Tocqueville de\u011ferlendirilecektir. Dedi\u011fim dedik\u00e7ilik (despotisme des facilit\u00e9s singuli\u00e8res), psikoco\u011frafya ve ayd\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Tocqueville\u2019in devrim \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri tekrar yorumlanacakt\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Frans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn izlerini sadece tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131nda de\u011fil sit\u00fcasyonizm gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli felsefi ak\u0131mlarda g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Anahtar Kelimeler: <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Frans\u0131z Devrimi, despotizm, dedi\u011fim dedik\u00e7ilik, psikoco\u011frafya, d\u00e9rive, d\u00e9tournement.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-122e7a7399321c84c .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-122e7a7399321c84c .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-122e7a7399321c84c\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_122e7a7399321c84c\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"122e7a7399321c84c\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#122e7a7399321c84c\" href=\"#122e7a7399321c84c\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Demokrasi ve Din: Leo Strauss\u2019un Tocqueville Yorumu \/ Funda G\u00dcNSOY<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"122e7a7399321c84c\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_122e7a7399321c84c\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">\u201cOn dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck politik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc\u201d Alexis de Tocqueville Leo Strauss\u2019un Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau gibi ana ak\u0131m modern politik filozoflar kanonunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015f ve bas\u0131l\u0131 eserlerinde kendisine yer vermemi\u015ftir. Ancak, her ne kadar Strauss Tocqueville hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yay\u0131nlamam\u0131\u015f olsa da, \u00f6\u011frencileri ve takip\u00e7ileri yoluyla alternatif bir okuma sunan yorumlay\u0131c\u0131 bir kamp \u015fekillendirecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkili olmu\u015ftur. Bu yaz\u0131, Strauss\u2019un 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda Chicago \u00dcniversite\u2019sinde <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Do\u011fal Hak <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">\u00fczerine verdi\u011fi uzun derslerine odaklanarak ve \u201cStrauss\u00e7u zihin yap\u0131s\u0131\u201d sergiledi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen kimi Strauss\u00e7ulara referansla Strauss\u2019un Tocqueville yorumunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor. Bu makale, Strauss\u2019un g\u00f6zlemlerinin \u201cgeni\u015flik ve derinlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan\u201d k\u0131yas kabul etmez \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011fi Tocqueville\u2019i iki d\u00fczeyde ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re, bir <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">politik filozof <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">olarak Tocqueville, kapsaml\u0131 bir politik analiz \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde demokrasinin normatif temelini tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7an klasik felsefenin son fig\u00fcrlerinden biridir. Bir <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">sosyolog <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">olarak Tocqueville ise toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131 hareket noktas\u0131 kabul ederek Amerika\u2019da demokrasiden s\u00f6z etti\u011fi, muhafazakar demokrat bir k\u0131l\u0131\u011fa soktu\u011fu tarihi ve tarihsel ilerlemeyi tek ger\u00e7ek kriter olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Machiavelli ile ba\u015flayan modern politik felsefenin bir <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">modifikasyon<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">unu sunmu\u015ftur. Bu minvalde, bu yaz\u0131 Strauss\u2019un Tocqueville\u2019de dinin ikili bir i\u015flevle karakterize oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yor: demokrasi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bireycili\u011finemaddecili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 koymak ve do\u011fru anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n en y\u00fcksek ifadesi olan vatanseverlik\/yurtseverlik temelinde kamusal ahlaka hizmet etmek. Strauss, Tocqueville\u2019in dine y\u00f6nelik <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">teorik<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">felsefi <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">arg\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131 politik arg\u00fcman\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dini demokrasiyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirecek manevi bir ara\u00e7, sosyal bir mit stat\u00fcs\u00fcne indirgedi\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz bulur. <span class=\"fontstyle0\">Bununla birlikte, bu yaz\u0131 Tocquevillle\u2019in demokrasi sorununa <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">sosyolojik<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">pratik <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc konusunda Strauss\u2019un son s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cbundan daha uygun (<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">adequate<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">) bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bilmiyorum\u201d oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\"><strong><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Anahtar Kelimeler: <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Din, sek\u00fclarizm, takdiri ilahi, muhafazakar demokrasi, Burke, Paine.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-bcc0ee96928810eae .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-bcc0ee96928810eae .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-bcc0ee96928810eae\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_bcc0ee96928810eae\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bcc0ee96928810eae\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#bcc0ee96928810eae\" href=\"#bcc0ee96928810eae\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Tarihte E\u015fitli\u011fin Belirleyici G\u00fcc\u00fc: Tocqueville D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde Demokratik Fenomen ve Politik \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \/ M. Ertan KARDE\u015e<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"bcc0ee96928810eae\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_bcc0ee96928810eae\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Bu makalede Alexis de Tocqueville\u2019in So\u011fuk Sava\u015f kanonu i\u00e7erisinde okunmas\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir yol izlenmektedir. Kanon-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 okuma stratejilerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda Rousseaucu sorunsallarla <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Amerika\u2019da Demokrasi <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">metninin yazar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme giri\u015fimi gelmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda Tocqueville\u2019in politik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle e\u015fitlik aras\u0131nda kurmu\u015f oldu\u011fu ilgiler de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. E\u015fitlik fenomeniyle politik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kurumlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki gerilimli ili\u015fki, imkanlar sundu\u011fu kadar tehdit edici \u00f6zellikler de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Toplumun her t\u00fcr kolektivite e\u011filimini par\u00e7alayan atomizasyonu, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun despotik e\u011filimleri demokrasiyi politik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fcvensiz k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Demokrasiyi, politik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck lehinde geli\u015ftirmek bir cumhuriyetin temel g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Demokratik fenomen, Tocqueville a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, tarihsel ak\u0131\u015fta kar\u015f\u0131 koyulamaz bir \u015fekilde belirmektedir. Eski toplumun politik bi\u00e7imleri ve toplumsal de\u011ferlerinin korunmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ancak esas mesele yeni tarihsel ve toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7te politik bi\u00e7imlerin politik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle nas\u0131l bulu\u015faca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Tocqueville\u2019in sorular\u0131, neoliberal \u00e7a\u011fda g\u00fcncellendi\u011finde, t\u00fcketici fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, yurtta\u015f fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de insan\u0131 da b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle so\u011furdu\u011fu bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ten s\u00f6z a\u00e7\u0131labilir. Politik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve g\u00fcndelik ya\u015famda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, ticaretin \u201cuygarla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131\u201d etkisiyle geni\u015flemedi\u011fi bu neoliberal s\u00fcre\u00e7te, politika kamusal bir etkinlik olarak icra edilmemektedir. Ho\u015fnut t\u00fcketicilerle yeni sa\u011f\u0131n h\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kitleleri aras\u0131nda politik d\u00fczlemde olu\u015fan ortakl\u0131klar, yeni patolojilere i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Anahtar Kelimeler<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle1\"><strong>:<\/strong> Tocqueville, politik felsefe, politik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik, demokratik fenomen.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-f454046e582775ed5 .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-f454046e582775ed5 .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-f454046e582775ed5\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_f454046e582775ed5\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"f454046e582775ed5\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#f454046e582775ed5\" href=\"#f454046e582775ed5\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Demokratik Devrim \u00dczerine 11 Tez: Hannah Arendt\u2019in Politika Felsefesinde Tocquevilleci Yinelemeler \/ \u00d6zg\u00fcr Emrah G\u00dcREL <\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"f454046e582775ed5\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_f454046e582775ed5\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Bu makale Hannah Arendt\u2019in <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Devrim \u00dczerine <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">adl\u0131 eserinde \u00e7er\u00e7evesini \u00e7izdi\u011fi \u201cdemokratik devrim\u201d fikrinin Tocquevilleci izleklerini tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 hedefliyor. Bu ba\u011flamda incelememiz temel olarak Arendt\u2019in <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Devrim \u00dczerine<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">\u2019de in\u015fa etti\u011fi \u201cdemokratik devrim\u201d fikrini on bir alt ba\u015fl\u0131k\/tez etraf\u0131nda ele al\u0131rken, Arendt\u2019in en kapsaml\u0131 Tocqueville yorumunu da a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Soru\u015fturmam\u0131z boyunca Arendt\u2019in Tocqueville okumas\u0131, <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Devrim \u00dczerine<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">\u2019de \u00f6nerilen cumhuriyet\u00e7i kanonun kar\u015f\u0131t iki cephesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve akt\u00f6rlerini oda\u011f\u0131na alarak yorumlanacakt\u0131r. Bu cephelerden ilkini Frans\u0131z Devrimi ve onu sosyolojik d\u00fczeyde takip eden Ekim Devrimi merkezli Rousseau-Robespierre-Hegel-Marx-Lenin k\u00fcmelenmesi, ikincisini ise Amerikan Devrimi merkezli Montesquieu-Jefferson-Adams-HamiltonMadison k\u00fcmelenmesi olu\u015fturuyor. <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Devrim \u00dczerine <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">eserinin ele\u015ftirelhermeneutik yap\u0131-s\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc, kitaba n\u00fcfuz eden Tocquevilleci politik tavr\u0131 somutla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve Arendt\u2019in Tocqueville\u2019in politika felsefesi ekseninde \u00f6nerdi\u011fi yinelemeleri anlamland\u0131rmak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 bir ufuk sunabilir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Devrim \u00dczerine<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">\u2019de Arendt\u2019in ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla inceledi\u011fi ve 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fi tamamlan\u0131rken neredeyse tamam\u0131yla unutulmu\u015f kay\u0131p bir hazine olarak \u201cdemokratik devrim\u201d fikrini hat\u0131rlatmak hem cumhuriyet\u00e7i kanonlar aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadeleyi bir kez daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi hem de Tocqueville\u2019in politika felsefesini cumhuriyet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011fi ba\u011flam\u0131nda konumland\u0131rmay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Anahtar Kelimeler<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle1\"><strong>:<\/strong> Arendt, demokratik devrim, \u015fiddet, cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik, Tocqueville, e\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme, tiranl\u0131k, politika.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-bef046d31e1b31a36 .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-bef046d31e1b31a36 .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-bef046d31e1b31a36\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_bef046d31e1b31a36\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bef046d31e1b31a36\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#bef046d31e1b31a36\" href=\"#bef046d31e1b31a36\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">\u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fun Tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Yeniden D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek: Tocqueville \u00dczerine Liberal Bir Siyaset Felsefesi Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \/ Arma\u011fan \u00d6ZT\u00dcRK<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"bef046d31e1b31a36\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_bef046d31e1b31a36\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Alexis de Tocqueville\u2019in siyaset felsefesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel arka plan restorasyon liberalizmi ve korku liberalizmi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. E\u015fitli\u011fin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funa dair arg\u00fcman restorasyon liberallerinden kalan miras\u0131n en \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki hakim liberal okumaya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen korku liberalizmi ise \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri korumak i\u00e7in demokrasiyi s\u0131n\u0131rlamak gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tocqueville felsefesinin en temel iddias\u0131 e\u015fitlik (demokrasi) ile \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck (aristokrasinin) birbirinin alternatifi olan kavramsal i\u00e7erikleri kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. E\u015fitli\u011fin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasal yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n en genel ad\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Demokrasilerde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn olabilmesi tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Tocqueville monar\u015fideki kral ile demokrasideki halk\u0131n birbirine benzedi\u011fini iddia eder. Halk da kral gibi keyfi ve mutlak bir iktidar kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu benzerli\u011fe at\u0131fla krala kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri koruma ad\u0131na ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen arg\u00fcmanlar halka kar\u015f\u0131 da ge\u00e7erlidir. \u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fun tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ilk \u00f6nemli tedbir sivil toplumla ilgilidir. Sivil toplum devlet \u015fiddetinin alternatifi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek teminat\u0131d\u0131r. Bu arg\u00fcmanda belli d\u00fczeyde bir hakl\u0131l\u0131k pay\u0131 olmakla beraber liberal toplumlarda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc daha \u00e7ok \u00f6zel alanla ili\u015fkilendiren hakim \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imi tart\u0131\u015fmaya eklenmemi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca tiranl\u0131k \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun birey \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bireylerin bask\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sivil \u00f6rg\u00fctlere nas\u0131l y\u00f6nelecekleri meselesi Tocqueville d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr siyasi ve idari merkeziyet\u00e7ilikleri birbirinden ay\u0131rt ederek idari anlamda adem-i merkeziyet\u00e7i bir y\u00f6netim \u00f6nerir. Ona g\u00f6re siyasi merkeziyet\u00e7ili\u011fin yerelde halledilebilecek i\u015fleri bile \u00fcst\u00fcne almas\u0131 demokrasi i\u00e7in tehdittir. Tocqueville felsefesine y\u00f6netilen en \u00f6nemli ele\u015ftiriler e\u015fitlik ve kapitalizm ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131nda <span class=\"fontstyle0\">somut bir i\u00e7eri\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcr. E\u015fitlik m\u00fccadelesi tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 de\u011fildir. E\u015fitlik ideali kitleleri \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck yolunda motive eder ve demokrasiyi derinle\u015ftirir. Ayr\u0131ca Tocqueville\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere siyasal yabanc\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 kapitalizminden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u015fekilde ele almak ortaya konulan analizin inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\"><strong><span class=\"fontstyle2\">Anahtar Kelimeler<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\"><strong>:<\/strong> Tocqueville, \u00e7o\u011funluk, e\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, demokrasi, aristokrasi.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-995191a99c5d7d557 .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-995191a99c5d7d557 .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-995191a99c5d7d557\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_995191a99c5d7d557\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"995191a99c5d7d557\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#995191a99c5d7d557\" href=\"#995191a99c5d7d557\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Tocqueville\u2019de Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n Kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve Demokrasiyle \u0130li\u015fkisi \/ Abdussamed \u00d6ZBEK<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"995191a99c5d7d557\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_995191a99c5d7d557\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Bu makalede Tocqueville\u2019in al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 ne anlamda ve nas\u0131l kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelenmektedir. Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k \u00fczerine felsefi sorgulamalar Aristoteles\u2019ten ba\u015flar ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelir. Aristoteles\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc oldu\u011fu gelenek al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 erdemlerin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131nda bir y\u00f6ntem olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp ona olumlu bir anlam y\u00fcklerken, Kant\u00e7\u0131 ve kartezyen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011fi al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 akli etkinlikten yoksun bir tekrarlama hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131p ona olumsuz bir anlam y\u00fckler. Felsefenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra psikoloji ve sosyoloji gibi farkl\u0131 disiplinlerde de al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klara farkl\u0131 anlamlar y\u00fcklenir. Farkl\u0131 disiplinlerin ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin kavrama yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki ortak \u00f6zellik ise al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcnden faydalanmakt\u0131r. Tocqueville de al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcnden faydalan\u0131r fakat o al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n ontolojik yap\u0131s\u0131 ve bireysel etkisi \u00fczerinde durmaz. Onun vurgusu al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n insan eylemlerindeki pratik etkilerinin siyasal ba\u011flam\u0131 olu\u015fturan toplumsal durumla ili\u015fkisidir. Toplumsal durumun temelinde pratik eylemleri a\u00e7\u0131klayan al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar vard\u0131r. Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n eylemlerin belirlenmesindeki \u00f6nemi, onun demokrasi olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u015fekillenmesinde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar. Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar Amerika\u2019da demokrasinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde en \u00f6nemli sebeptir. Dini al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme, siyasi kat\u0131l\u0131m gibi y\u00f6ntemlerle somutla\u015fan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 demokrasinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde etkili olan al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klard\u0131r. Fakat demokrasi ve demokratik kurumlar dikkatsizlik al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kamusal meselelere kat\u0131l\u0131mda isteksizlik, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bireyselle\u015fme gibi al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klara da sebep olabilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar, toplumsal durumun, de\u011fi\u015fimin ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn temelinde olumlu ya da olumsuz her durumda etkilidir. Bu ba\u011flamda yeni toplumsal durumda yani demokrasilerde dikkat edilmesi gereken \u015fey, ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 <span class=\"fontstyle0\">toplumun genel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla uyumlu hale getirecek al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\"><span class=\"fontstyle2\"><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong> <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, adet, toplumsal durum, demokrasi, Tocqueville.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-3df921f15b9505fcb .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-3df921f15b9505fcb .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-3df921f15b9505fcb\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_3df921f15b9505fcb\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"3df921f15b9505fcb\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#3df921f15b9505fcb\" href=\"#3df921f15b9505fcb\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Alexis de Tocqueville\u2019in D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde Demokrasi Sorunu ve Yurtta\u015f E\u011fitimi \/ Ay\u015fe \u00c7i\u011fdem KOCAMAN<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"3df921f15b9505fcb\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_3df921f15b9505fcb\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Alexis de Tocqueville\u2019in, demokrasinin i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bireycilik, despotizm, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi sorunlar hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini ele alarak, demokratik kat\u0131l\u0131ma dayanan yurtta\u015f e\u011fitimi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve yurtta\u015fl\u0131k bilincinin geli\u015ftirilmesinde demokratik kurumlar\u0131n rol\u00fcne ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine dikkat \u00e7ekmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Tocqueville\u2019e g\u00f6re, modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n temel ger\u00e7e\u011fi, demokrasinin kar\u015f\u0131 konulamaz zaferidir. Demokrasinin y\u00f6nlendirici ilkesi ise \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten ziyade, ko\u015fullarda e\u015fitliktir. Demokratik toplumlarda e\u015fitli\u011fe tutkuyla ba\u011flanan insanlar, e\u015fitli\u011fi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe tercih ederler. Ancak Tocqueville\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde e\u015fitlik hem hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131ran hem de temkinli olmay\u0131 gerektiren bir ilkedir. \u0130nsanlar aras\u0131ndaki hiyerar\u015fik ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak bireylere ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, \u00f6zerklik sa\u011flayan e\u015fitlik, herkesin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradesiyle belirlemesine olanak tan\u0131r. Fakat e\u015fitlik, ciddi tehlikeler de do\u011furabilir. Ko\u015fullarda e\u015fitlik, sosyal ba\u011flar\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131na, insanlar\u0131n yaln\u0131zla\u015fmas\u0131na, kamusal i\u015flere kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalmalar\u0131na ve bencilli\u011fe yakla\u015fan bireycili\u011fe neden olurken, despotizme ve \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131na da zemin haz\u0131rlar. Tocqueville\u2019e g\u00f6re, demokratik toplumlarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu t\u00fcrden sorunlar\u0131n ve antidemokratik e\u011filimlerin \u00fcstesinden gelmek, dostlu\u011fu, dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek, en \u00f6nemlisi de \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alarak insan onurunu korumak i\u00e7in yurtta\u015flar\u0131 e\u011fitmek, onlara demokrasiyi \u00f6\u011fretmek gerekmektedir. Bu da ancak yurtta\u015flar\u0131n, demokratik s\u00fcre\u00e7lere aktif bir \u015fekilde kat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131, demokrasiyi deneyimlemelerini, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya\u015fayarak \u00f6\u011frenmelerini sa\u011flamakla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, demokrasinin despotizme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini engelleyerek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyan yeg\u00e2ne ilke olarak <span class=\"fontstyle0\">g\u00f6ren Tocqueville i\u00e7in demokratik kat\u0131l\u0131m, insanlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, davran\u0131\u015f ve al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendiren, sorumluluk, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bilinci a\u015f\u0131layan bir e\u011fitim s\u00fcrecidir. Demokratik deneyimin pedagojik g\u00fcc\u00fcne dikkat \u00e7eken Tocqueville\u2019e g\u00f6re, yerel y\u00f6netimler, sivil ve siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fctler, bas\u0131n kurulu\u015flar\u0131 gibi demokratik kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan kurumlar, yurtta\u015flar\u0131n hak ve g\u00f6revlerini \u00f6\u011frenmelerini, kamusal konulara duyarl\u0131l\u0131k kazanmalar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck prati\u011fi geli\u015ftirmelerini sa\u011flayan adeta birer okul niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\"><strong><span class=\"fontstyle2\">Anahtar Kelimeler<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\"><strong>:<\/strong> Demokrasi, e\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, bireycilik, demokratik despotizm, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yurtta\u015f e\u011fitimi, demokratik kurumlar.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-0a769ff2e2c1e6b0d .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-0a769ff2e2c1e6b0d .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-0a769ff2e2c1e6b0d\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_0a769ff2e2c1e6b0d\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"0a769ff2e2c1e6b0d\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#0a769ff2e2c1e6b0d\" href=\"#0a769ff2e2c1e6b0d\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Amerika ve Cezayir \u00dczerine: Tocqueville\u2019de Kolonyal Fark \/ Vefa Can KAYA<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"0a769ff2e2c1e6b0d\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_0a769ff2e2c1e6b0d\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Sosyal bilimler 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda co\u011frafi ayr\u0131m temelinde yap\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu makale, Frans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Alexis de Tocqueville\u2019in metinlerinde Bat\u0131 ile Bat\u0131-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131n nas\u0131l in\u015fa edildi\u011fini, kolonyalizmin ve emperyalizmin bu farkl\u0131la\u015fmaya nas\u0131l yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 incelemektedir. Tocqueville\u2019in ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde Amerika ve Cezayir \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lar, ara\u015ft\u0131rma nesnesine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen bilimsel, y\u00f6ntemsel ve entelekt\u00fcel farkl\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Amerika\u2019y\u0131 Avrupa ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak inceleyen Tocqueville, <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Amerika\u2019da Demokrasi <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">adl\u0131 eserinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 tarihsel y\u00f6ntem ve b\u00f6lge ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 temelinde yeni siyaset biliminin m\u00fcjdesini verir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 onun pek \u00e7ok alanda \u00f6nc\u00fc olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6te yandan Cezayir \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, seyahat notlar\u0131n\u0131 ve haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporlar\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u015farkiyat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n birikiminden faydalanan uzman siyaset\u00e7i olarak Tocqueville \u00e7\u0131kar. Amerika ve Cezayir \u00fczerine metinlerini birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek, Tocqueville\u2019i ve d\u00f6nemin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini daha iyi anlamam\u0131za yol a\u00e7ar. \u0130lgili d\u00f6nemde Fransa\u2019n\u0131n demokrasi ve ulus in\u015fas\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00fclke i\u00e7i sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 emperyalizm ve kolonyalizm yoluyla ihra\u00e7 ederek \u00e7\u00f6zebilece\u011fine y\u00f6nelik liberal \u00e7evrelerde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir inan\u00e7 s\u00f6z konusudur. Tocqueville\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Amerika \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda modern bireycilik ve materyalizmin despotizme yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 endi\u015fesi ile Cezayir\u2019de s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimi kurmak i\u00e7in uygulanan \u015fiddete destek vermesi aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan iki metin hem birbirini tamamlar hem de aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131la\u015fma Tocqueville d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde kolonyal fark\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Anahtar Kelimeler<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle1\"><strong>:<\/strong> Alexis de Tocqueville, Amerika, Cezayir, Amerikan istisnac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, kolonyal fark, sosyal bilimler, \u015farkiyat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, kolonyalizm, b\u00f6lge ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 tarihsel y\u00f6ntem.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-8ad71999f01f87dc8 .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-8ad71999f01f87dc8 .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-8ad71999f01f87dc8\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_8ad71999f01f87dc8\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"8ad71999f01f87dc8\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#8ad71999f01f87dc8\" href=\"#8ad71999f01f87dc8\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Tocqueville\u2019in Cezayir Sorununa \u0130li\u015fkin Frans\u0131z \u00c7\u0131karlar\u0131yla \u00d6rt\u00fc\u015fen Ulusal Tavr\u0131 \u00dczerine \/ Deniz KUNDAK\u00c7I<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"8ad71999f01f87dc8\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_8ad71999f01f87dc8\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Alex de Tocqueville\u2019in Cezayir meselesi hakk\u0131nda ortaya koydu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ve bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerdeki tarihsel de\u011fi\u015fimi de\u011ferlendirme amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada, Tocqueville\u2019in Cezayir konusundaki g\u00fcvenlik\u00e7i ve otoriter kayg\u0131lar ta\u015f\u0131yan yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesinin onun, \u00e7er\u00e7evesi <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Amerika\u2019da Demokrasi<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">\u2019de \u00e7izilen liberal tavr\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da hayati nitelikte oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kapsam\u0131 Tocqueville\u2019in \u00f6zellikle 1831-1847 tarihleri aras\u0131nda genelde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik, \u00f6zelde ise Cezayir konusundaki yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutulmu\u015ftur. Tocqueville\u2019in, Cezayir\u2019in koloni haline getirilmesi s\u00fcreci hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve \u00f6nerileri, betimleyici, mukayeseli ve \u00f6zellikle ele\u015ftirel bir y\u00f6ntem yoluyla ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tocqueville her ne kadar 1837\u2019de Cezayir\u2019i hen\u00fcz g\u00f6rmeden \u00f6nce kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplar\u0131nda Avrupal\u0131 yerle\u015fimciler ile yerli halk aras\u0131nda bir entegrasyonun sa\u011flanabilece\u011fine inanm\u0131\u015f olsa da; ilk Cezayir seyahati sonras\u0131 onun bu romantik tavr\u0131n\u0131n Makyavelist ve pragmatist bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla yer de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda Tocqueville\u2019in medeni bir var olu\u015f ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel seviyeye sahip oldu\u011funa itibar etmedi\u011fi Cezayir gibi Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir toplumun insan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini \u00f6ncelik konusu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karabildi\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bir yandan Tocqueville\u2019in liberal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kavram\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel kazan\u0131mlar\u0131na sundu\u011fu katk\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmeksizin; onun s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik hareketlerini de\u011ferlendiri\u015f bi\u00e7imi s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda ise gerekti\u011finde moral de\u011ferleri bir tarafa b\u0131rakabildi\u011fi ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n sad\u0131k bir savunucusu haline gelebildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterme amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong> <span class=\"fontstyle0\">Anahtar Kelimeler<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle2\"><strong>:<\/strong> Tocqueville, Cezayir, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik, Makyavelizm, Frans\u0131z egemenli\u011fi.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-85bd4b7a7b568cf61 .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-85bd4b7a7b568cf61 .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-85bd4b7a7b568cf61\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_85bd4b7a7b568cf61\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"85bd4b7a7b568cf61\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#85bd4b7a7b568cf61\" href=\"#85bd4b7a7b568cf61\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Alexis de Tocqueville ve Demokrasiyi Kendinden Kurtarmak \/ Erol SUBA\u015e\u0130<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"85bd4b7a7b568cf61\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_85bd4b7a7b568cf61\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Son d\u00f6nemde y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7en sol ve sa\u011f pop\u00fclist rejimler ve liberal olmayan demokrasiler \u015feklinde tasvir edilen y\u00f6netimlerin say\u0131s\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f demokrasi kuram\u0131n\u0131n yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi zorunlulu\u011funu beraberinde getirdi. Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) demokrasi kuram\u0131 deyince ilk akla gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerden biridir. Bu nedenle, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131 demokrasinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 meydan okumalar\u0131 anlayabilmek i\u00e7in Tocqueville\u2019in demokrasinin do\u011fas\u0131na dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin irdelenmesidir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma sorusu Tocqueville\u2019in demokrasi kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcn\u00fcn tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde anlaml\u0131 bir referans noktas\u0131 te\u015fkil edebilece\u011fidir. Tocqueville\u2019in <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Amerika\u2019da Demokrasi <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">kitab\u0131 feodal bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fin miras\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcklenmek zorunda kalmayan Amerikan Demokrasi modelini g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc k\u0131lan e\u011filimler ve onu zay\u0131flatan kar\u015f\u0131-e\u011filimleri Avrupa ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bir perspektiften ve ampirik bir titizlikle ortaya koyar. Demokrasi, e\u015fitlik ve halk egemenli\u011fi ilkesi do\u011frultusunda \u00f6zellikle alt s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar ve b\u00f6ylece \u201cen \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015finin mutlulu\u011fu\u201d g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olur. Bu bak\u0131mdan demokrasi her t\u00fcr siyasal y\u00f6netim i\u00e7in zorunlu olan me\u015fruiyeti ve r\u0131zay\u0131 toplumsal \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa dayal\u0131 olarak sa\u011flar. Bu da y\u00f6netime belirli bir istikrar ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik kazand\u0131r\u0131r. Ne ki, demokrasi ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fcnyesinde \u00e7ok ciddi riskler bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Aristokratik toplum iktidar\u0131n farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan parsellendi\u011fi \u00e7ok par\u00e7al\u0131 ve hiyerar\u015fik bir yap\u0131 arz etmekteydi. Oysa demokrasi e\u015fitlik ilkesi gere\u011fince t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131fsal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 t\u00f6rp\u00fcledi ve imtiyazl\u0131 toplumsal katmanlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00f6yle olunca da merkezi iktidar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde hi\u00e7bir s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7 kalmad\u0131. Siyasal manzara merkezile\u015fmi\u015f iktidar ve onun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda atomize hale gelerek g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczle\u015fen bir bireyler y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bi\u00e7imini ald\u0131. Tek ba\u015flar\u0131na siyaseten c\u0131l\u0131z hale gelen <span class=\"fontstyle0\">y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar verdikleri oylarla \u00f6n\u00fcnde hi\u00e7bir bariyerin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7o\u011funluk iktidar\u0131 olu\u015fturdular. B\u00f6ylece, demokratik toplum kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ezilebilecek bir hale geldi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\"><strong><span class=\"fontstyle2\">Anahtar Kelimeler: <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Alexis de Tocqueville, demokrasi kuram\u0131, halk egemenli\u011fi, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131, siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-949920991836fb1a1 .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-949920991836fb1a1 .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-949920991836fb1a1\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_949920991836fb1a1\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"949920991836fb1a1\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#949920991836fb1a1\" href=\"#949920991836fb1a1\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Alexis de Tocqueville'in Demokrasi ve E\u011fitim Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131: E\u015fitlik ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Aras\u0131nda Bir Denge Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 \/ Mete Han ARIT\u00dcRK <\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"949920991836fb1a1\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_949920991836fb1a1\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Alexis de Tocqueville&#8217;in <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Amerika&#8217;da Demokrasi <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">eseri \u00fczerinden demokrasi ve e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmektedir. Tocqueville, demokrasinin sadece bir y\u00f6netim \u015fekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda toplumsal de\u011ferleri ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel normlar\u0131 \u015fekillendiren bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi oldu\u011funu vurgular. Ona g\u00f6re e\u011fitim, demokratik bir toplumun s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi ve geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in hayati bir rol oynar, bireylere demokratik de\u011ferleri a\u015f\u0131lar, yurtta\u015fl\u0131k bilincini geli\u015ftirir ve toplumsal kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik eder. Tocqueville&#8217;in g\u00f6zlemlerine g\u00f6re demokratik toplumlarda e\u011fitim; pratik ve faydac\u0131 bilgiye odaklan\u0131rken soyut ve teorik bilgiye daha az \u00f6nem verir. Bu durum, derin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme ve yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6reltebilir. Ayr\u0131ca demokrasinin \u2018\u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 ve bireycilik gibi potansiyel tehlikeleri, e\u011fitimin bireyselli\u011fi ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi bask\u0131lamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Tocqueville&#8217;in bu ikili bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, demokratik e\u011fitimin hem f\u0131rsatlar hem de zorluklar bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, demokratik toplumlarda e\u011fitimin nas\u0131l daha etkili ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirici bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline getirilebilece\u011fi e\u011fitim ve politika felsefesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle yerel y\u00f6netimlere kat\u0131l\u0131m, sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve liberal sanatlar e\u011fitimi gibi unsurlar\u0131n, bireyselli\u011fi ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi destekleyerek demokratik e\u011fitimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirebilece\u011fi \u00fczerinde durulmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Anahtar Kelimeler: <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Tocqueville, demokrasi, e\u011fitim, e\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, bireysellik.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-d3f3202605d38b5ec .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-1 .panel-d3f3202605d38b5ec .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-d3f3202605d38b5ec\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_d3f3202605d38b5ec\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"d3f3202605d38b5ec\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-1\" data-target=\"#d3f3202605d38b5ec\" href=\"#d3f3202605d38b5ec\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Tocqueville\u2019de Haklar Sorunu \/ Arda TELL\u0130<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"d3f3202605d38b5ec\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_d3f3202605d38b5ec\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u00d6z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle1\">Tocqueville modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sorunlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda geleneksel bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir perspektif sunmaktad\u0131r. Bu perspektife g\u00f6re modern d\u00fcnya yeni politik sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. E\u015fitli\u011fin \u00f6nlenemez y\u00fckseli\u015fi, bireycilik ve demokratik despotizm Tocqueville\u2019in s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fi yeni sorunlar\u0131n k\u00f6keninde yer almaktad\u0131r. Tocqueville\u2019e g\u00f6re bu sorunlara demokrasinin yeni ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler sunmak gerekir. Demokrasi yeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ger\u00e7ekli\u011fidir ancak Tocqueville demokrasinin kontrol edilmedi\u011fi takdirde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar \u00fcretti\u011fini g\u00f6zlemlemektedir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z bu tart\u0131\u015fmalardan hareketle hak doktrini etraf\u0131nda Tocqueville\u2019in politik tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 konu edinir. Tocqueville hak dolay\u0131m\u0131yla demokrasilerde, despotizm riskini do\u011furabilecek bireyci y\u00f6nelimleri s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rarak kolektif ba\u011flar\u0131 in\u015fa etmeye y\u00f6nelir. Ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 ve politik kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 demokrasinin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 unsuru olarak g\u00f6ren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr, haklar\u0131 do\u011fal ve bireysel zeminden kolektif ve tarihsel bir d\u00fczleme yerle\u015ftirmektedir. Haklar b\u00f6ylelikle, yurtta\u015fl\u0131k ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine, demokrasinin yerle\u015fik hale gelmesine, bireylerin e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini kolektif olarak savunma gerekliliklerine ba\u011flanarak yeni bir anlam kazanmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda Tocqueville\u2019in hak vizyonu, demokratik toplumlardaki bireyci e\u011filimleri \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirerek bireysel hak ile kolektif haklar\u0131 ayn\u0131 d\u00fczlemde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye olanak veren bir konuma yerle\u015fmektedir. B\u00f6ylelikle politik haklar, demokratik toplumlarda bireycili\u011fin, atomizasyonun ve hizip\u00e7ili\u011fin \u00fcretebilece\u011fi despotizm tehlikesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda demokratik ruhun geli\u015fimine katk\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z bu ba\u011flamda ilk olarak haklar\u0131n bireyselli\u011fi ve kolektifli\u011fi dengeleyen i\u015flevini do\u011fa durumu fikri ile kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k i\u00e7erisinde ele almaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci olarak bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Tocqueville\u2019in Hobbes\u2019un <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">Homo Puer Robustus <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle1\">tezine yer verdi\u011fi pasajlarda haklar\u0131n de\u011ferine y\u00f6nelik vurgusu incelenmektedir. B\u00f6ylece Tocqueville\u2019in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi hak idesinin demokratik toplumlardaki ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 konumu ve de\u011feri tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong> <span class=\"fontstyle0\">Anahtar Kelimeler: <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle2\">Hak, bireysel hak, kolektif hak, bireycilik, demokrasi, despotizm.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><h3 style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>K\u0130TAP \u0130NCELEMES\u0130<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">#accordion-2333-2 .fusion-panel:hover{ border-color: var(--awb-color3) } #accordion-2333-2 .fusion-panel { border-color:var(--awb-color3); }.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-2 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box{ color: #000000;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-2 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box:before{ font-size: 12px; width: 12px;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-2 .panel-title a{font-size:18px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--awb-color8);font-family:Garamond, serif;font-weight:400;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-2 .toggle-content{font-size:16px;color:var(--awb-color8);font-family:Garamond, serif;font-weight:400;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-2 .panel-title a:not(.active):hover, #accordion-2333-2 .fusion-toggle-boxed-mode:hover .panel-title a { color: var(--awb-color5);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-2 .fusion-toggle-boxed-mode:hover .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box{ color: var(--awb-color5);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-2.fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed .fusion-panel .panel-title a:not(.active):hover .fa-fusion-box{ color: var(--awb-color5) !important;}<\/style><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed\" id=\"accordion-2333-2\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-2 .panel-5a7be99edae2d7a6f .panel-title a{color:var(--awb-color8);}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2333-2 .panel-5a7be99edae2d7a6f .toggle-content{color:var(--awb-color8);}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-5a7be99edae2d7a6f\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_5a7be99edae2d7a6f\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"5a7be99edae2d7a6f\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2333-2\" data-target=\"#5a7be99edae2d7a6f\" href=\"#5a7be99edae2d7a6f\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-minus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Fahri ALPY\u00dcR\u00dcR (\u0130nceleyen) - Tocqueville ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck_Cengiz \u00c7A\u011eLA<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"5a7be99edae2d7a6f\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" araia-labelledby=\"toggle_5a7be99edae2d7a6f\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:75% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 2.56%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 2.56%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:75% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 2.56%;margin-left : 2.56%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-1{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0px;}<\/style><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.3 - 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